Chomsky, C. (1972). Stages in Language Development and Reading Exposure

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Historical Linguistics (2) Noam Chomsky PowerPoint Presentation

Historical Linguistics (2) Noam Chomsky

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Historical Linguistics (ii) Noam Chomsky

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1. Historical Linguistics (2)Noam Chomsky Dr. AnsaHameed

2. Previously…. • History of Linguistics • Structuralism: • Ferdinand de Saussure

3. Today's Lecture • Generative Linguistics • Noam Chomsky • Chomsky Ideas About Language • Phrase Structure Grammar • Transformational Generative Grammar • Chomsky theory of First Linguistic communication Acquistion

4. NoamChomsky: A New Paradigm in Modern Linguistics

5. GENERATIVE LINGUISTICS • A school of thought within Linguistics. • Makes employ of the ´Concept of Generative Grammar` • One great proponent of this concept is Avram Noam Chomsky • Book: "Syntactic Structures" (1957) • Famous for Transformational Generative Grammar.

6. Chomsky's Cursory Life History • December 7, 1928: Chomsky was born. • He attended the Academy of Pennsylvania where he met Zellig Harris • 1949: He graduatedwith a BA. Histhesiswas about Modern Hebrew. He enteredgraduateschool. • 1951: He became i of the Society of Fellows at Harvard, from where he moved to the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) in 1955. • He has been repeatedlyjailed for politicalactivism. (Smith, 2004). • He has been influenced by  a big diversity of thinkers, philosophers, politicians and linguists. • Many compare him to Bertrand Russel.

7. About Chomsky • ''He has shown that there is actually but ane human language: that the immense complexity of the innumerable languages we hear around us must exist variations on a unmarried theme. He has revolutionizedlinguistics, and in so doing has prepare a cat amid the philosophical pigeons." (Smith, 2004: 16).

8. Chomsky's Ideas nearly Language • Language Definition • A language is a set (finite/infinite) of sentences, each finite in length and constructed out of a finite set of elements • Language is a system represented in the mind/encephalon of a particular individual

9. Chomsky's Idea of Competence & Operation Language Competence vs Performance • Chomsky distinguishes between: • Competence: speaker'due south/ hearer's unconscious knowledge of language (about sounds, meanings, syntax) • Performance: bodily use of language in physical situations • Competence is mental reality and non straight observable whereas performance is appreciable

10. Chomsky's Ideas about Aims of Linguistics Aims of Linguistics • Chomsky summarized the major aims of linguistics as to know: • What constitutes language? • How is such knowledge acquired? • How is such knowledge put to use? • What are the physical mechanisms that serve as the cloth ground for this system of knowledge and for its use?

11. Chomsky's Ideas most Syntax Linguistic communication is Structure- Dependent • A principle mutual to all languages: Syntax is more than than meaning • Chomsky asserts that knowledge of language relies on the structural relationships in the sentence rather than on the sequence of words • Example: The man who is tall is John. Is the human who is tall John? *Is the man who tall is John?

12. Syntax is more meaning • Well-formed judgement without meaning: Colorless dark-green ideas sleep furiously. • Syntax besides as significant deprived of inner logic: Ideas furiously green colorless sleep.

13. Chomsky's Models of Grammar Models of Grammar Chomsky introduced three models of grammer: • Finite state Grammar (most bones and inadequate) • Phrase Structure Grammer • Transformational Generative Grammar (Extension of Phrase Structure Grammer)

14. Phrase Construction Grammar • Rules for determining the construction of phrases • Generate a lot of sentences from a modest number of rules. • The construction of a phrase will consist of ane or more constituents in a certain social club. • Constituent: • Some words seem to belong together: • {The crazy man}{is jumping off the bridge} • Groups of words that belong together are called constituents • The component that determines the backdrop of the elective is the head, and the elective can be referred to as a phrase: e.thousand. substantive phrase

15. Phrase Construction Grammar • Explanation: • V Det N Five Det N V Det North run a marathon swallow the food read the volume • V Prep Det N V Prep Det Northward get to the store talk with a instructor V Det N Prep Det North take your sister to the library • "Verb phrases have a 5, (sometimes) an NP, and (sometimes) a PP" • VP -> V (NP) (PP)

16. Phrase Construction Grammar • The chief phrase structure rules: 1.S  NP VP two. NP  {Det Due north, Pro} 3. VP  V (NP) (PP) (Adv) 4. PP  P NP 5. AP  A (PP)

17. Phrase Construction Grammer Phrase Structure Rules & tree diagrams • NP  (Det) Due north • PP  P NPThe boy in the thousand The boy (NP) Det N PP Det N P NP Det N The male child chiliad The in the boy

18. Phrase Structure Grammar Some Limitations with Phrase Construction Grammer • The rules are by and large context complimentary. • The rules explain intra-sentence constituent elements (syntax) but not inter-sentence relations (Syntactic) • Ambiguous sentences cannot be explained • These problems were solved with transformational generative grammar

19. Deep & Surface Structures (Before moving further)* Syntactic Relationships take 2 levels of representation: • Surface Structure (SS): derived (surface) representation of a Deep Structure • how the sentence is really represented • Deep Structure (DS): represents syntactic relations (underlying representation)

20. Deep & Surface Structures • The deep structure is an abstract level of structural arrangement in which all the elements determining structural interpretation are represented. • Sentences that have culling interpretations • Sentences that accept different surface forms but take the same underlying meaning. • SS tin be derived from DS by transformations like passivization, forming of questions etc.

21. Deep & Surface Structures • How superficially different sentences are closely related? • Charlie broke the window. • The window was broken by Charlie • Charlie who broke the window. • Was the window cleaved by Charlie? • Difference in their surface construction = difference in syntactic forms • BUT they take the same 'deep' or underlying construction

22. Deep & Surface Structures • How superficially like sentences are dissimilar? (multiple meanings) Annie whacked the human with an umbrella. • Aforementioned surface structure but different deep structure The boy saw the man with a telescope.

23. Transformational Generative Grammer Transformational Generative Grammar has 2 aspects: • Transformational • Generative

24. Transformational Grammar • Transformational is a method of stating how the structures of many languages tin be generated or explained as the result of specific transformations practical to certain basic* structure. • Transformations • I helped John. (Active) • John was helped by me. (Passive) • He volition come up. (affirmative) • Will he come? (Interrogative)

25. Transformational Grammer • Transformational Rules* • Prescriptive/ Normative Rules: • Avoid ending sentences with prepositions • The difference betwixt 'attributable' and 'due to' • Where to use 'I' or 'me' • Other traditional rules derived from other classical languages • Descriptive Rules: • Based on observations and anterior rules what happens in language (due east.chiliad. He makes... I make….) • Rewrite Rules: • This system deals with symbols. (use of symbols to represent sentence: Instance, S NP+VP)

26. Transformational Grammer • Interrogative Rules: • Rules to brand question statements • (Example: I can read. (DS) / Tin I read? (SS)) • Affix Switch Rules: • Changing form past moving affix • (Example: He is going. (DS) / Is he going? (SS)) • Do-Support Rules: • Use of Do, Does • (Example: He watches T.V. (DS) / Does he lookout man T.V? (SS)) • Negation Rules: • Making negative sentences • (Case: She likes movies. (DS) / She does not similar movies. (SS)) • Passivation Rules: • Changing voice (active…passive) • (Example: I play Hockey. (DS) / Hockey is played by me. (SS))

27. Generative Grammar • Formally, a generative grammar is defined as one that is fully explicit. It is a finite set of rules that can be applied to generateall those and merely those sentences (often merely not necessarily, space in number) that are grammatical in a given language (Chomsky) • Explicit means what are possible sentences of linguistic communication • To say a grammar generates a sentence is technical which means grammer assigns a structural description to sentences* • "all and only"= all grammatical sentences and but grammatical sentences • Finite rules infinite number of well-formed sentences

28. Generative Grammar Properties of Generative Grammar • It includes whatever is in phrase structure grammer and transformational grammer and further takes into business relationship all possible syntactic structures • The grammar has finite number of rules but capable to produce infinite number of structures. In this way, productivity in language is covered.

29. Chomsky against Behaviourism • In the late 1950s, Skinner constructed his cognitive learning model: behaviorism which correlates with the notion. Stimulus → response→ reinforcement and habit germination • According to Skinner, children learn the language by imitating and repeating and the listen is a bare slate at birth. • Co-ordinate to Chomsky, Children are biologically programmed for language and language develops in the child in simply the same manner that other biological functions develop.

30. Chomsky theory of First Linguistic communication Acquistion • " We are designed to walk.. That we are taught to walk is impossible. And pretty much the same is true of linguistic communication. Nobody is taught language. In fact you can't forestall a child from learning it" • Chomsky 1994 • "We are born with a Language Acquisition Device (LAD) and access to Universal Grammer (UG)"

31. Chomsky's Idea of Universal Grammer Concept of Universal Grammar • the system of principles, weather condition, and rules that are elements or properties of all homo languages, … the essence of human language. (Chomsky, 1976) • All homo beings share role of their knowledge of language that is universal grammar (existing as part of language Competence) • Speaker knows a set of • principles that utilize to all languages, • parameters that vary inside clearly defined limits from one language to another • UG is an effort to integrate grammar, mind and language

32. L. A. D • L.A.D is a function of the brain that is specifically for learning language. It is an innate biological function of homo beings just like learning to walk. • 50.A.D plays ii roles in Chomskyan theory: • i. Information technology accounts for the striking similarities among man languages. • 2. It accounts for the speed, ease and regularity with which children learn their first language. • If the sequence club is the same in all children, it is then quite normal to speak almost language universals.

33. Recap • Generative Linguistics • Noam Chomsky • Chomsky Ideas About Language • Phrase Structure Grammar • Transformational Generative Grammar • Chomsky theory of First Language Acquistion

34. References • Carnie, Andrew. Syntax- A Generative Introduction. 2002. • Falk, Julia. Linguistics and Language. 1978. • Ouhalla, Jamal. Introducing Transformational Grammar. 1999. • Parsad, Tarni. A Course in Linguistics. 2012. • Neil, S. (2004). Chomsky: Ideas and Ethics. New York: Cup. • Yule, George. The Study of Language. 1996.

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